Primate Conserv. Zhou, J., F. Wei, M. Li, B. Chan, D. Wang. There is no proven efficacy of these traditional "medicines" and the impact on wildlife populations is devastating. Conservation actions include surveying the distribution of the Hainan gibbon, providing training of staff to monitor the gibbons, restoring the forest, and community conservation work. Wu, W., X. M. Wang, F. Claro, Y. Primate status and conservation in China. (Haimoff, 1984), Hainan black-crested gibbons are one of only three gibbon species in which the female makes vocalizations during mating. 1988. People's Daily Online. Disclaimer: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 140: "290-301". In recent months three newborns and at least one lone female have been observed, bringing the world total to 17 individuals (Hainan Daily Online 2007a). Liu, Z. H., S. M. Yu and X. C. Yuan 1984. Most likely N. hainanus has a similar body length as other gibbons and this assumption is supported by anecdotal evidence (Pocock 1905). (Ma, et al., 1988; Mootnick and Fan, 2011; Mootnick, et al., 2012; Wei, et al., 2004), There are currently four genera of gibbons; Hoolock, Hylobates, Nomascus, and Symphalangus. Humans can benefit by selling adults into the illegal animal trade, use the meat for food, or sell the bones for use in traditional Chinese medicine. Genus . Sleeping tree selection of Cao Vit Gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) living in degraded Karst forest in Bangliang, Jingxi, China. The entire population of the Hainan black-crested gibbon, Nomascus hainanus, is found in the 300 km^2 Bawangling National Nature Reserve (BNNR) on Hainan Island off of the coast of China. Geissmann, T. 2003. The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. 1989). Website: http://hnrb.hinews.cn/php/20070326/162706.php. the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south. Number of gibbons in the wild is very low because of the accelerated deforestation and poaching. Haimoff, E. 1984. They found five groups totaling 26 individuals in the remaining 3,000 ha of limestone forest of Phong Nam-Ngoc Khe Mountains, Trung Khanh District, northern Cao Bang Province bordering Guangxi in China. 2000; Mootnick 2006). Topics Ma , S. & Wang , Y. Wuliang, Yunnan, China. (Bleisch and Chen, 1991; Leigh and Shea, 1995), Social polygyny, with two females and a single male, is the usual mating system in N. hainanus. Gibbons may also play a role in the seed dispersal of many of the fruits that they eat. Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes). Rediscovery of the Eastern black crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus in Vietnam. 3. Efforts are underway to contribute to the conservation of the eastern black gibbon in Vietnam with the establishment of community-based protection activities. Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor) Northern White-cheeked Gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) Cao-vit Gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) Hainan Gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) ENDANGERED. © 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan. Historically, N. hainanus was widespread on Hainan Island but a recent estimate put its entire geographic range as low as 14 to 16 km^2 of BNNR. Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programe, Hanoi. Twenty-two genetically distinct populations of gibbons are generally recognized. Nasutus hainanus. The Gibbon’s Voice 6(1): 1–3. The status of the Hainan gibbon Nomascus hainanus and the Eastern black gibbon Nomascus nosutus. (Haimoff, 1984; Haimoff, 1987), Nomascus hainanus individuals occupy home ranges of 200 to 500 hectares (2 to 5 km^2), which are the largest home range sizes of any gibbon. (Ma, et al., 1988; Pocock, 1905; Uhlenbroek, 2011; Zihlman, et al., 2011), There is no sexual dimorphism in size in gibbons. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 21: "255-262". The taxonomy of the crested black gibbons, genus Nomascus is still in debate, but experts now believe there are three species: the Hainan gibbon, Nomascus hainanus, the most endangered of any of the gibbons and restricted to the island of Hainan (Geissmann 2003; Geissmann and Chan 2004; Wu et al. Mass slaughters have been recorded on numerous occasions. Primate Rep. 72(1): 38–39. Nadler, T. 2003. Recently, a team of researchers from Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden (KFBG) and China confirmed 17 eastern black gibbons in three groups in the Bangliang limestone forest of Jingxi County in Guangxi, neighboring the Phong Nam-Ngoc Khe Mountains of Vietnam. It is important to gain full support from the surrounding community for conservation of the gibbons and their habitat, possibly by ensuring benefits linked to their compliance with conservation goals, and ensuring longer-term commitment from the government and outside partners. Adult male eastern black gibbons are black and can have a slight tinge of brown hair on the chest. cf nasutus hainanus in Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Like other gibbons, Hainan black-crested gibbons are specialized for living in the canopies of forests. Int. Birth of critically endangered Hainan Gibbon brings population to 33. (McConkey, 2005; Zhou, et al., 2008), Tree selection for sleeping is an antipredator behavior for gibbons. This gibbon species is the rarest primate in the wild currently in a successful captive breeding program. The sound structure of Hainan gibbon song, especially adult male songs, is the simplest among gibbon species and is likely to reflect the original characteristics of the Hylobatidae. Its … Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi. 2006. Hainan Gibbon: concerted action for the world’s most endangered ape. The Hainan black crested gibbon: Most critically endangered ape. Gibbons, Family Hylobatidae Gray, 1870, are small, arboreal apes of the tropical and semi-deciduous forests of southeast Asia and parts of south and east Asia. reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female. Due to habitat loss and hunting, this species has shifted its primary habitat from lowland forest to higher mountainous forest (with elevations ranging from 100 to 1800 m on Hainan Island). Gestation has been estimated to be 136 to 173 days. reported that N. hainanus has been known as Hylobates hainanus, Hylobates pileatus, Hylobates concolor concolor and was then known as Hylobates concolor hainanus. Part 1: Gibbons. (compilers), pp.16-17. Asian Primates 8(3/4): 28–29. 2004. Bleisch, W., N. Chen. Two females in a single social group may rear offspring from the same male at the same time. Li, S., F. Zou, Q. Zhang, F. Sheldon. Wei et al. International Zoo Yearbook, 46: "259-264". The average weight of males is about 14.57 lb (6.61 kg); average weight of females is about 14.47 lb (6.563 kg). 2012. Wei, W., W. Xiaoming, F. Claro, D. Youzhong, A. Souris, W. Chundong, W. Changhe, R. Berzins. J. Primatol. (Zhou, et al., 2005), Hainan black-crested gibbons have been described as an umbrella species for the local ecosystem. (Zhou, et al., 2008), Hainan black-crested gibbons are almost exclusively frugivores. (McConkey, 2005; Zhang, et al., 2010), Hainan black-crested gibbons can act as seed dispersers for forest tree species. Some have suggested that they are the rarest mammals in the world, with approximately 20 individuals counted in a recent survey. A gibbon survey in October 2003 found two groups, and two lone males, comprising a total of 13 individuals (Fellowes and Chan 2004; Geissmann and Chan 2004; Chan et al. Acta Theriologica Sinica 10: 163–169. Agroforest Systems, 87: "1117-1128". Some of the gibbons observed in Bangliang may be the same individuals counted by Vietnamese counterparts as gibbon groups were seen traveling between the two countries (People's Daily Online 2006; Chan et al. Am. animals that live only on an island or set of islands. Geissmann, T. and B. Chan. The presence of a laryngeal sac in males may contribute to the increased complexity of vocalizations. This timing may be caused by biannual fruiting of many favored food sources and thus link reproduction with the abundance of food. 2005. Hylobatidae Gray, 1871 – gibbons : Genus: Nomascus Miller, 1933 Species: Nomascus hainanus (Thomas, 1892) – Hainan Crested Gibbon, Hainan Gibbon Famous Tang Dynasty Poet Li Bai commemorated their calls. 1989. 2003. Taxonomy, distribution, and status of gibbons (Hylobates) in Souther China and adjacent areas. 2007). The eastern black gibbon was thought to be extinct in southwestern provinces of China in the 1950s. In other words, India and southeast Asia. Wang, S. and G. Quan. Nomascus leucogenys: information (1) Nomascus leucogenys: pictures (17) Species Symphalangus syndactylus siamang. Adult female Hainan gibbons and eastern black gibbons vary from a buffish to a beige brown and have a black cap (Geissmann et al. Unlike most monkeys, they lacks a tail. Liu, Z. H. and C. F. Tan. 19: 247–254. Fan P. F., X. L. Jiang, C. M. Liu and W. S. Luo. Contributor Galleries Geissmann, T., Dang X. Nguyen, N. Lormée and F. Momberg. In: Primates: The Road to Self-sustaining Populations, K. Benirschke (ed. 95% of their original habitat of lowland, tropical primary forest has been destroyed. Nomascus gabriellae (Thomas, 1909) – Southern Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon, Red-cheeked Gibbon, buff-cheeked gibbon : Species: Nomascus hainanus (Thomas, 1892) – Hainan Crested Gibbon, Hainan Gibbon : Species: Nomascus leucogenys (Ogilby, 1840) – Northern White-cheeked Crested Gibbon, Northern White-cheeked Gibbon Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 2: "169-181". Fei, H., M. Scott, W. Zhang, C. Ma, Z. Xiang, P. Fan. With a remaining population size of 33 individuals, it is the world’s rarest primate. Hainan Black-crested Gibbon is headed for extinction. Liu, Z. H., Y. The Hainan gibbon is the world’s rarest ape, rarest primate, and probably rarest mammal species. Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical rainforest from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India to southern China and Indonesia. The current status of the Hainan black-crested gibbon Nomascus sp. 26(2): 453–465. Native to Hainan Island, located in southern China, the entire species is limited to approximately 15 square kilometers of forest in Bawangling National Nature Reserve (BNNR) – a mere fraction of what they used to call home. With a total population of only 30 individuals, the Hainan gibbon ( Nomascus hainanus) is the world’s rarest ape and one of the world’s rarest mammals. 2009. Sexually active females occasionally engage in post-conception copulation, which is relatively rare amongst the primates. In: Conservation of Primates in Vietnam, T. Nadler, U. Streicher and Ha Thang Long (eds. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Hanoi. Alterations in the characteristics of the Hainan ecosystem that negatively affect the gibbons are indicative of negative impact on other species as well. The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. 2012. (Liu, et al., 1989; Mootnick and Fan, 2011), Adults weigh between 5.8 and 10 kg. Hainan black-crested gibbons are believed to be the only gibbon species with a male dominated duet. Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2000. A comparative study of Crested Gibbons (Nomascus). The adult female Hainan gibbon has a thin, white face ring that is thicker above the mouth and below the orbital ridge. Technologies such as remote sensing and geographic information systems are being used to determine suitable habitats. 1991. Hainan black-crested gibbons require indigenous forest of Hainan Island and do not inhabit recently planted pine forests or rubber plantations. Vietnamese J. Primatol. Like all apes, gibbons are tailless. Hainan Black-crested Gibbon is headed for extinction. Taxonomy. 2004. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. Unlike most of the great apes, gibbons fr Accessed February 07, 2021 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nomascus_hainanus/. Read article. American Journal of Primatology, 73: "135-154". The Hainan black-crested gibbon or Hainan gibbon, is a species of gibbon found only on Hainan Island, China. International Journal for Primaology, 29: "1037-1046". 2004; Zhou et al. An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. Adult male Hainan gibbons are entirely black (Geissmann et al. Gibbon is a small ape. Gregoire, R. 2014. Hainan black-crested gibbons were not explicitly mentioned in a Fei et al. Chan, B. P. L., X. F. Tan and W. J. Tan. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. 2000. ), pp.213–220. (Abstract.). South China Forest Biodiversity Report Series: No. International Journal for Primatology, 26: "453-465". Roos, C. 2004. The hair grows outwards on the side of the face and in a more downward direction as it gets closer to the chin. Primates, 32: "539-548". This female had a narrow blackish-brown chest plate slightly wider than the face, beginning at the throat and tapering at the top of the abdomen. Gibbons generally establish long-term pair bonds, but in Bawangling National Nature Reserve (BNNR) there have been repeated observations of two females in the same group both carrying offspring (Liu et al. Zoological Research , 7 , 393 – 410 . Hylobates agilis (agile gibbon) Hylobates albibarbis (Bornean white-bearded gibbon) Hylobates klossii (Kloss's gibbon) Hylobates lar (common gibbon) Hylobates moloch (silvery gibbon) Hylobates muelleri (Mueller's Borneo gibbon) Hylobates pileatus (pileated gibbon) unclassified Hylobates. Folia Primatol. 2004; Zhou et al. 1989; Bleisch and Chen 1991; Hainan Daily Online 2007a). Ecology and behaviour of wild black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) in China with a reconsideration of evidence for polygyny. It is suggested that home range size might recently have increased to nearly 1000 hectares (10 km^2) due to degradation of habitat quality. Wei et al referred to the species as Nomascus sp. The Hainan gibbon is considered an umbrella species for the Hainan Island.This designation indicates that status of the Hainan gibbon is a marker for the health and stability of its ecosystem. Zhang, M., J. Fellowes, X. Jiang, W. Wang, B. Chan, G. Ren, J. Zhu. Brachiation has also been observed in N. hainanus. Hainan Daily Online, 2007b. The crest is approximately 10 by 3 cm. 27(2): 216–220. In Chinese. noted that since the 1980s the species has been known as Nomascus concolor, Nomascus nasutus, and Hylobates (Nomascus) hainanus. The species has seen a drastic reduction in range and population since the 1950s. McConkey, K. 2005. 1995. 2) Concolor or black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) 3) Eastern black crested gibbon or Cao Vit (Nomascus nasutus) 4) Hainan black crested gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) 5) Northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) 6) Southern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus siki) 7) Yellow –cheeked gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae) 4. Website: http://english.people.com.cn/200611/15/print20061115_321610.html. 2004); the eastern black gibbon, Nomascus nasutus, occurring in northeast Vietnam … Description The Hainan Black Crested Gibbon is a species which is coloured differently for each sex. 2007. Symposium on Gibbon Diversity and Conservation: Concluding resolution. Resources of the Hainan black gibbon and its present situation. Today, these enigmatic primates occupy only a small patch of remnant rainforest, which continues to shrink. Biological Conservation, 143: "1397-1404". By the 1980s, Ma et al. Zihlman, A., A. Mootnick, C. Underwood. In Hainan, it was estimated that 30 years ago there were 2,000 gibbons dis- tributed over 12 counties in the central Wuzi mountain area [Wang and Quan, 19861. Numbers have increased since 2003, when it was believed that there were as few as 13 individuals. Nomascus hainanus: information (1) Species Nomascus leucogenys northern white-cheeked gibbon. ), pp.23–28. Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) Bornean White-bearded Gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis) Kloss’s Gibbon (Hylobates klossii) 1: 41-53. 2. 1990. Roos, C., V. N. Thanh, L. Walter, and T. Nadler. 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