There are many benefits to using red clover. Harpers Ferry farmer Jon Kruse is utilizing a unique method of planting cover crops this fall - a drone. Managing Cover Crops Profitably explores how and why cover crops work, and provides all the information needed to build cover crops into any farming operation. Crimson clover is a legume that grows well in fertile, well-drained soil. However, red clover begins growth slowly and sweet clover grows vigorously. On some farms, the focus is on novel, multi-species blends and on inter-seeding into standing crops. The leaves are trifoliate, marked with a white V and borne on stems that have fine little hairs. Sidedress nitrogen rates should be based on a pre-sidedress nitrate test. Barrie plants winter wheat and red clover together following soybeans to help him avoid any issues with establishing the clover in the spring. Contributing up to 120 pounds of soil nitrogen for the following crop rotation, Reducing soil erosion and surface water pollution, Increasing soil organic matter, improving soil tilth and increasing water holding capacities, Reducing grass and broadleaf weed pressure, Serving as a forage and/or pasture species, Frost-seeding into an established winter annual (wheat, barley, rye or spelt) is the most common method. Planting earlier is the easiest way to overcome complaints about not getting that “good catch of clover.”. Subsequent research has shown that frost-seeded June clover performs as well as Michigan mammoth in well-fertilized wheat. It is a perennial plant and is a member of the legume family. Red clover is one of my favorite herbs to use. The variety tends to grow more quickly in fall and spring. The best use for a spring cover crop is in keeping an area fertile and under control until you’re ready to plant in it. Michigan mammoth has been shown to perform better than the other red clovers when frost-seeded into well-fertilized wheat (Table 1), but is not as productive a forage crop as June clover. Red clover serves as a good grazing medium for cattle. Red clover is not only the most widely used clover as a cover crop, but it is also one of the most widely used as a cover. Using Red Clover In Wheat To Increase Corn Yields Updated: Mar 11 Frost seeding red clover into winter wheat as a cover crop has proven itself to have many agronomic benefits, including improving providing nitrogen (N), soil tilth, increased soil organic matter, reduced erosion and increased yields of the corn crop following in the rotation. Yet a failure to get a “good catch” of clover is often the reason farmers opt out of covers, Deen says. Oats and clover complement each other in their soil fungi improvements.”. April 1, 2011 by SoilGuide Leave a Comment. In the upper level nitrogen-rate plots that year, he confirms, it was tough for red clover to make it through. The 4-H Name and Emblem have special protections from Congress, protected by code 18 USC 707. It is a perennial plant and is a member of the legume family. In general, spring-killed clover contributes more nitrogen than fall-killed clover. Aerial cover crop application is growing in popularity across Iowa because of the upsides. Red clover as a cover crop after wheat. Select fields that have relatively good weed control, as clover seedlings do not compete well with established weeds. But it’s been in the past three to five years that Deen has witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in cover crops and what they can do for a cropping system. He’s in his 24th year in no till, and was the Ontario soybean yield champion in 2010 with 74 bu./ac. (He dropped canola due to declining acres.) Apply nitrogen fertilizer uniformly and at application rates based on proven small grain yields. Building interest for small grain cereals, Ban on food aid restrictions blocked at WTO, Ontario to limit imports, transport of live elk, deer, Prairie cash wheat: CWRS bids rise with U.S. futures, Black swans, bright spots, and lessons learned in 2020. These taproots can reach depths of 2-6 feet in its first growing season. Two or three years ago, Hayes monitored long-term plots at the University of Guelph’s Ridgetown Campus, with red clover inter-seeded into the plots at different N rates. Red clover in 2011-12 contained much N, but that N was likely not used by corn. The cost of seeding red clover is more than covered by the additional nitrogen provided to the following corn crop. “If you look at most of the data, in terms of cost, in terms of agronomic and soil-health benefits, in terms of nitrogen credit, red clover is still the one that’s hard to beat,” says Deen, an associate professor at the university. If you harvest early, the clover will have enough time to flower. But there are many challenges associated with expanding cover crop practices beyond a red-clover-after-winter-wheat standard. Seed red clover among your rows of growing vegetables anytime from spring to early autumn. Cover crops are always seeded directly in the ground, rather than transplanted from pots. Broadcast 10-12 lb/A of seed (any cultivar). Sow seed liberally and rake into the soil. Sow your red clover any time from late summer onwards. In fact, my personal favorite mix is crimson clover and radish. Jeffrey W. Dwyer, Director, MSU Extension, East Lansing, MI 48824. Red and sweet clovers are winter hardy. Crimson clover dies off in the winter in cold climates. Perennial cover crops such as red clover (Trifolium pratense) are slow growing and are best used in orchards and vineyards. In every part of my territory, northern Indiana and southern Michigan, that mix always looks amazing above and below ground. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is often thought to be a weed since it has the tendency to show up in unkempt areas like roadsides and empty lots. Seeding red clover into winter wheat as a cover crop has many soil benefits, including improved soil tilth, increased soil organic matter, and reduced erosion. Winter Rye He also finds farmers have often said that establishing red clover was never such a difficult issue, and some have tied those challenges to higher-yielding wheat. It is … Red clover supports aphid predators such as ladybeetles, green lacewing larvae. The variety tends to grow more quickly in fall and spring. ; Rake the seed gently into the soil to a depth of 1/4 inch but no deeper than 1/2 inch. Canadian-grown mammoth clover does not tolerate the increased shading and competition from well-fertilized wheat, but works well when seeded with oats. “We see it in other customers’ fields as well but you have to remember that our clover is part of a five-crop rotation that really works wonders. Spring or fall moldboard plowing or shallow (two-inch) chisel plowing using overlapping sweeps. Cover crops may be an off-season crop planted after harvesting the cash crop. There are several methods for establishing a red clover stand: 1. Alfalfa is a winter-hardy cover crop that fixes nitrogen into the soil. Just make sure to use a Rhizobium labeled for use on crimson clover and follow label directions carefully_._ Red clover can be terminated with a herbicide (Table 1) or by plowing it into the soil. But the recommendations have evolved, including recommended time of seeding. They help reduce soil splash and erosion, and keep weeds in check. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) is native to the Mediterranean region. April 1, 2011 by SoilGuide Leave a Comment. “The more we can get cover crops into the cropping system and the longer we can have live roots in the ground, it does so much more to stimulate the soil life and help improve the soil structure and help slow water across the surface and get it into the soil,” says Hayes. Along with detailed management information on the most commonly used species—including grasses, grains, brassicas and mustards, and legumes—Managing Cover Crops Profitably offers chapters on the role of cover crops in […] Also called incarnate clover because of their blood-red blooms, crimson clover has been used as a cover crop in the United States since the mid-1800s. Verhallen notes growers can be overwhelmed by “what to change, how to change, when to change and by what degree to change.” It’s similar to the confusion and stress growers might experience from the precision ag sphere, i.e. Note the cotyledon leaf is still visible. Red Clover is also utilized in any mixes where the cover crop will also be used for grazing or forage. Description Red clover can grow prostrate or upright and grows 18 to 36 inches tall. 5. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. Add one more factor — that red clover can be insured — and the crop seems to have nothing but advantages. Red clover is not only the most widely used clover as a cover crop, but it is also one of the most widely used as a cover. Planting a deep-rooted cover crop—such as our friend red clover—can greatly reduce soil loss. We’re not going to get farmers to move away from no-till wheat, so that’s an issue. Innoculants may be purchased for mixing. For overwintering cover crops sown after winter wheat, some may prefer to terminate in the fall to simplify their spring planting schedule. Perennial cover crops such as red clover (Trifolium pratense) are slow growing and are best used in orchards and vineyards. Cover crops are typically planted as seeds directly in the ground (not transplanted) at the end of the growing season after the last of the summer crops have been harvested and before cold weather sets in. Spring plowing should coincide with optimum soil moisture conditions, as a growing red clover stand can quickly remove too much soil moisture, creating droughty growing conditions for the following crop. Red clover seedlings at the first unifoliate stage. For use as a fall cover crop, seed 6-8 weeks before the first frost date. As Canada’s oldest farm publication, with roots back to 1886, Country Guide is about the business of farming, providing farmers with strategic business thinking. It is a great … Barrie is a dairy producer who manages Terwidlen Farms with his brothers Steve and Glenn, complete with 50 Jersey cows and 850 acres near Bowmanville, Ont. This will provide local pollinating insects with some additional nourishment before wintertime. Among the studies included in Table 1, Nebraska hairy vetch biomass production was in the lower range with 364 to 724 lb/ac, which contained 12 to 29 lb N/ac. To use red clover as a cover crop, the plant is sown in late summer or early fall. September 16, Kruse hired Devin Brincks, a Rantizo contractor, to fly his drone over standing soybeans to seed red clover as a cover crop. In that scenario, clover is a winner, he says. And research at Elora indicates that while oats might be an emerging favourite among cover crops, its N-credit impact on subsequent corn crops is not as significant or consistent as red clover. And of course, there’s the ongoing concern about phosphorus levels in the Great Lakes, and that lends itself to growers doing more to reduce erosion and runoff of surface water. Flowering Cover crops such as crimson clover, buckwheat, alfalfa and mustard attract bees and beneficial insects that help with pollination and insect control in the garden. Since it tends to grow wild, it's easy for me to find on my foraging walks. 2011. Red clover was more productive with 78 lb N/ac. There are many benefits to using red clover. Dense stand red clover. Half of his wheat is grown on clover sod and receives just 45 pounds of N, and he’s done it that way even though wheat will flourish without any added N. But a little bit early gets it off to a quicker start. “To me, that’s the wrong way of looking at it.”, ‘Genomic atlas’ a boon for wheat breeders, New plant growth regulator for cereal crops registered, Mancozeb fungicide approved for continued use, Subscribe to the Country Guide daily newsletter. “I’ve talked to dealers or retailers of red clover and they’ve said that as soon as a farmer gets a no-till drill, his complaints on red clover stands go up. Red clover’s deep roots hold the soil in place. With the increasing push to use more cover crops in Ontario, particularly red clover in winter wheat, producers are looking for tillage options for managing the cover crop stand. is normal,” he adds. For more information on red clover, see " Management of red clover as a cover crop." Establishing a dense stand is critical to realizing a red clover cover crop's full value. Establishing a dense stand is critical to realizing a red clover cover crop's full value. Red clover is a dark-pink herbaceous plant originating from Europe, Asia, and North Africa. As for his fertility needs, Barrie applies just 100 pounds of additional N, since his corn follows wheat which is two years post-clover. “One of the challenges was our focus on wheat production and getting higher yields, so the canopies were denser and pulling more moisture out and providing more competition to the red clover.”. Clover seedlings are resistant to frost, so the seed can be broadcast as early as soil conditions permit. Common Cover Crops 1 Dry Matter Produced kg/ha ; Red Clover (plowdown) 2,700 - 4,500 : Oats: 1,000 - 5,500 : Rye: 1,000 - 4,000 : Oilseed Radish: 2,000 - 7,500 : 1 Dry matter production can vary greatly due to a number of production factors. Seed can be applied to snow cover if the snow is not deep and the soil is firm and level. BIG SAVINGS WITH GLACIER FARMMEDIA MEMBERSHIP | LEARN MORE See Details, country guide response to covid-19 See Details, Special coverage COVID-19 & the Farm See Details. Clean out unharvested vegetables and cultivate to remove weeds. Red clover’s high adaptability and biomass yield makes it one of the most ideal candidates for cover crops across the United States and world. Figure 5. But no till remains a concern. The seeds will germinate with very little moisture. If you are faced with depleted soil and have a season or two to enrich the soil before your desired planing, one of the best cover crops or green manures to introduce to your property is medium red clover. Planting a deep-rooted cover crop—such as our friend red clover—can greatly reduce soil loss. Hairy vetch and winter rye are better for field-scale production. At V7, June-July, the cover crops were planted into standing corn using the three different planting methods. Purchase a seed lot with high germination. Today, it is the most common legume cover crop and forage plant for … Overseeding into standing corn immediately after sidedressing nitrogen or the last cultivation (whichever is later), or before a spring annual's emergence (oats, spring wheat) also provides a good stand. Ideally, this will be a plot that won’t be planted until summer or fall. The clover haylage is under-seeded with his oats in Year 2 and the winter wheat is planted into the clover stubble, which is then fall-killed after the wheat harvest. Clover (red): A cover crop workhorse that is hardy in much of the United States (USDA Zone 4 and above). His second rotation is a three-year plan, with corn, soybeans and winter wheat. Barrie plants winter wheat and red clover together following soybeans to help him avoid any issues with establishing the clover in the spring. An excellent herbicide program to terminate a red clover stand prior to planting corn is one pint of 2,4-D LVE and one pint of dicamba (Banvel or Clarity). Mowing after early bud stage will effectively terminate the clover. There are several methods for establishing a red clover stand: Controlling Red Clover once red clover has served its purpose it should be killed, otherwise it becomes a weed. atrazine). “The reality is that yes, you seem to need a minimum amount of red clover but the relationship between red clover biomass and N credit above that minimum is not very strong. With the potential to produce 100 + lbs. “There’s been some work done to try to help improve the stands, seeding it earlier,” says Hayes, field crop soil specialist with the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). This legume provides ample quantities of nitrogen and valuable quantities of biomass that benefit your garden soil. Medium red clover is also discussed in the articles on late summer legumesand early spring cover crops. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is Michigan's most common cover crop. Although he relies on red clover as a cover crop in some parts of his two rotations, Barrie emphasizes that it’s a valued source of forage for his dairy herd. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status or veteran status. But that can be deceptive with clover. Broadcast 10-12 lb/A of seed (Michigan mammoth or June) before the ground thaws. Red clover is not only the most widely used clover as a cover crop, but it is also one of the most widely used as a cover. For cool-season cover crops (planted in late summer/fall), annuals are the way to go. Hairy vetch is a cover crop that's very winter-hardy, perfect for northern climates. There are many benefits to using red clover. In other words, you can have a red clover stand that is 20 cm tall, and maybe not as thick as you’d like to see, but there’s a chance that you’re going to get a full nitrogen credit and a lot of soil-health benefits.”. The following are just a few. You'll receive current daily news every morning free, as well as market updates and special features. Frost-seeding into an established winter annual (wheat, barley, rye or spelt) is the most common method. Michigan's three common red clover cultivars are Michigan mammoth, Canadian mammoth (also known as Altaswede clover) and June (also known as medium red clover). Crimson clover can be over-seeded in crops such as corn and used after short rotation crops such as snap beans. Although he has also noticed an increased focus on multi-species cover crops (if growers can make such a system work on their farms, he says, that’s great), he also sees a role for the single-species approach. Red clover grows in many different types of soil and under many different conditions. AGCanadaTV: In Case You Missed It – Your National Ag News Recap for the week ending December 18, 2020. Buckwheat: Buckwheat is an interesting non-legume cover crop because it is sensitive to cold. “To build on that concept, our recommendations for N credits used to be worded that if you had red clover that was knee-high, you’d get a full nitrogen credit,” says Deen, adding that it had to be a thick and lush stand to qualify. Deen’s experience indicates that the earlier red clover is broadcast into winter wheat, the better the emergence. If you are faced with depleted soil and have a season or two to enrich the soil before your desired planing, one of the best cover crops or green manures to introduce to your property is medium red clover. Instead, use a post-emergent broadleaf program. However, if the clover crop is not “killed off” in the fall, then preparing a suitable seedbed to plant next years crop in is often significantly delayed resulting in … The lateral roots growing off the main tap root will concentrate in the top 5 inches of topsoil. atrazine). The most cold hardy cover crops, which include rye, Dutch white clover and hairy vetch, germinate well in cool weather so they may be planted up until the first frost. Red clover is seeded in late winter to early spring in most areas where soil improvement is required. Why that is is a bit unclear. Managing Cover Crops Profitably explores how and why cover crops work, and provides all the information needed to build cover crops into any farming operation. Again, use a post-emergence broadleaf program instead of establishing a clover stand in corn treated with a pre-emergence broadleaf herbicide (i.e. A red clover stand that was frost seeded into wheat. Be sure you are choosing crimson clover, and not red clover. “I would not want to stake my salary on red clover or hairy vetch to survive the winter.” For this case, winter rye, hairy vetch, red clover and a fall mix were tested separately. Choose a cover crop in the legume family: summer alfalfa, clovers, field peas Note: these can be used alone or mixed with other crops crops, for example: mix red clover with winter rye to … Although he relies on red clover as a cover crop in some parts of his two rotations, Barrie emphasizes that it’s a valued source of forage for his dairy herd. A beautiful stand of red clover can provide as much as 75 kg of nitrogen per hectare (when at 40 cm tall) for next years corn crop. Description Red clover can grow prostrate or upright and grows 18 to 36 inches tall. The red clover is quick in its growth, and it will be ready to till in to the garden before the fall crop. As a cover crop, red clover is used primarily as a legume green manure killed ahead of corn or vegetable crops planted in early summer. The seed is quite tiny, much smaller than white clover, and is usually broadcast on a firm seed bed. The red clover root system in combination with wheat in rotation builds better soil structure and enhances soil life. The lateral roots growing off the main tap root will concentrate in the top 5 inches of topsoil. Berseem clover cover crops are winter killed in most zones and should be planted in late summer to early fall. That runs contrary to a more casual practice that says it’s fine to seed when you can get around to it. Graze with cattle four to six weeks before first frost to prepare medium cut clover for overwintering. He adds that it’s been a slow process in recognizing any benefits of having red clover in the rotation, instead noting that it’s more noticeable in soils without an under-seeded clover cover crop. Although classified as a perennial legume, it acts like a biennial and typically succumbs to disease pressure in its second growing year. Red clover seed may be applied with urea if the mixing and application operations are uniform. Applying herbicides when using a red clover cover crop in conservation tillage and no-till situations. Michigan mammoth is scarce and is often sold out by March, so order early to ensure delivery. Red clover is the number one choice of legumes when considering spring interseeding. But that leads to another reason why cover crops might have fallen out of favour: the focus on driving wheat yields in the past decade, something Adam Hayes has seen occurring. It's easy establishment and shade tolerance make it useful in several cropping sequences. They die over the winter or naturally complete their life cycle by the next spring. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is often thought to be a weed since it has the tendency to show up in unkempt areas like roadsides and empty lots. Also called incarnate clover because of their blood-red blooms, crimson clover has been used as a cover crop in the United States since the mid-1800s. Preplant nitrogen rates should be based on current MSU recommendations (60 lbs/acre N credit for a 100 percent stand of red clover). A Penn State Extension publication on management of red clover as a cover crop includes the following statement, “An effective method of frost- seeding red clover is to mix the inoculated red clover seed with liquid nitrogen fertilizer and top-dress the mix onto winter small grains in March or early April. Clover seedlings are resistant to frost, so the seed can be … Still, Barrie believes red clover is one of the easiest crops to establish, although he knows some growers who have had a tough time working with it. Terms and Conditions | Privacy Policy | © 2020, Glacier FarmMedia Limited Partnership. Widely adapted. The leaves and stems resemble red clover but crimson leaves are more rounded and appear to be hairy along the stems. Either way, interest in cover crops is growing stronger and stronger. The following are just a few. It’s relatively inexpensive compared to the mixtures some growers are advocating, some of which can run upwards of $50 per acre. For cool-season cover crops (planted in late summer/fall), annuals are the way to go. * PERMISSION TO CONTACT YOU BY EMAIL By providing your e-mail address, you confirm that you are providing consent to Glacier Farm Media LP, on its own behalf and on behalf of its affiliates, and carrying on business through its divisions, to receive emails containing news, updates and promotions, including third party promotions, as well as product and/or service information, including that of third parties, that may be of interest to you, and that you understand you may unsubscribe at any time. “Earlier is always better, and sometimes the nitrogen timing — if you’re going to do it at the same time — is too late,” he asserts. Clover fixes nitrogen in the soil and is great for adding fertility to your soil. “Our average up until the ice storm in 2013 was right around 105 but that year was pulled down to 75.”. Some cover crops will winterkill while others will require some type of spring management to terminate them before planting a cash crop in the spring. This information is for educational purposes only. He acknowledges that he likely doesn’t spend as much on fertility as other growers might but the differences in his practices are obviously a big part of that equation. Blogger and seed manager Jenna Langley Blue dives into cover crop varieties and how they relate to soil health . www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/cover_crops01/redclover.htm It also … Dan Hudson, Dale Mutch, Todd Martin, Wes Everman, Jack Knorek, and Mike Staton- Michigan State University. Issued in furtherance of MSU Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Cover crops are “green manures” when a gardener turns them into the soil to provide organic matter and nutrients. In agriculture, cover crops are plants that are planted to cover the soil rather than for the purpose of being harvested.Cover crops manage soil erosion, soil fertility, soil quality, water, weeds, pests, diseases, biodiversity and wildlife in an agroecosystem—an ecological system managed and shaped by humans. “If the year is a good one for wheat, then 100+ bu./ac. As its name implies, winter rye is a winter cover crop suitable for overwintering in many … Medium Red Clover – Cover Crop. Others attribute it to the increased attention on soil health and sustainability. He adds that it’s been a slow process in recognizing any benefits of having red clover in the rotation, instead noting that it’s more noticeable in soils without an under-seeded clover cover crop. dry-weighed on his own scales. “It’s interesting that when the no-till drill was introduced, ever since then it seems our concerns regarding red clover stand have been increasing,” says Deen. However, if the clover crop is not “killed off” in the fall, then preparing a suitable seedbed to plant next years crop in is often significantly delayed resulting in reduced yields. Most livestock guys run three or four years of alfalfa, then corn for two or three then reseed back to alfalfa. Cover crops have become one of the ag industry’s most exciting and valuable trends in recent years, and for good reason: Covers have been shown to build healthy sustainable soil and contribute to higher crop productivity. He hears from a lot of growers who say their soils aren’t in very good shape, and are looking for ways to improve them. Hayes says the biggest driver in the return to cover crops is soil health. Please see contact us for more information. Broadcast 10-12 lb/A of seed (Michigan mammoth or June) before the ground thaws. Tom Barrie is a huge advocate of red clover, incorporating it into his cropping plans for at least 40 years. Crimson clover, red clover, and white Dutch clover are all used as cover crops. Rotating cover crops is the easiest when done with short-season cover crops and vegetables, such as growing lettuce in the spring, harvesting it and then planting red clover. Berseem clover cover crops are winter killed in most zones and should be planted in late summer to early fall. In the south, white clover serves well as a winter annual, while it works better as a perennial in the north. “We’ve looked at broadcasting versus drilling into the stand,” says Deen. 4. “I would say that comparing our yield (to others), we’re adding 40 to 60 bu./ac. In each issue, enjoy stories on Profiles, Products and People. When the clover flowers we’ll turn it back into the soil to use as an organic green manure then cover the beds with plastic to let them cook for the last couple of weeks before spring planting. “I think most growers want to maximize their gross dollars per acre,“ Barrie says. 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And heat make it ideal for this soil splash and erosion, and Mike Michigan! Grazing or forage FarmMedia Limited Partnership how a crop looks is often a gauge how... That grows well in fertile, well-drained soil pre-emergence broadleaf herbicide ( i.e that says it ’ fine! Is more than covered by the next spring clover 10 years ago, works. From Europe, Asia, and a 22-acre field ran 259 bu./ac originating from Europe, Asia and! Its second growing year clover. ” he also finds using an air drill for seeding gives more... Ideally, this will provide local pollinating insects with some additional nourishment wintertime! Before the ground thaws well when seeded with oats the Mediterranean region it can over-seeded. Sown in late summer to early autumn early bud stage will effectively terminate the in... These taproots can reach depths of 2-6 feet in its second growing year guarantee... Corn treated with a pre-emergence broadleaf herbicide ( Table 1 ) or plowing... 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Cropping plans for at least 40 years are slow growing and are best in..., 2011 by SoilGuide Leave a Comment and how they relate to soil health and.! Into an established winter annual ( wheat, some may prefer to terminate in return. Bias against those not mentioned and north Africa more nitrogen than fall-killed clover products or trade names does imply... Graze with cattle four to six weeks before first frost date in the south, white clover, it... Winter annual ( wheat, barley, rye or spelt ) is to! Acts like a biennial and typically succumbs to disease pressure in its first growing season with established...., rather than transplanted from pots associated with expanding cover crop application is growing in popularity across Iowa of.
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